高速公路互通式立体交叉出入口安全性研究综述

张驰; 刘锴; 王世法; 谢子龙; 王雪

doi:10.3963/j.jssn.1674-4861.2023.02.001

高速公路互通式立体交叉出入口安全性研究综述

doi: 10.3963/j.jssn.1674-4861.2023.02.001

张驰^{1, 2, ,},
刘锴^{1, 2},
王世法³,
谢子龙^{1, 2},
王雪^{1, 2}

1.
长安大学公路学院西安 710064
2.
长安大学道路基础设施数字化教育部工程研究中心西安 710064
3.
四川成绵苍巴高速公路有限责任公司成都分公司成都 610599

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划项目 2020YFC1512005

四川省科技计划资助项目 2022YFG0048

四川省交通运输科技项目 2022-ZL-04

详细信息

通讯作者:
张驰(1981—)，博士，教授. 研究方向：道路安全与仿真. E-mail：zhangchi@chd.edu.cn

中图分类号: U412.35+2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-10-09
- 网络出版日期: 2023-06-19

A Review on the Safety Studies at Entrances and Exits of Expressway Interchanges

ZHANG Chi^{1, 2
, ,},
LIU Kai^{1, 2},
WANG Shifa³,
XIE Zilong^{1, 2},
WANG Xue^{1, 2}

1.
School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China
2.
Engineering Research Center for Digitization of Road Infrastructure of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China
3.
Sichuan Chengmian Cangba Expressway Co., Ltd Chengdu Branch, Chengdu 610599, China

摘要

摘要: 高速公路互通式立交是保障高速公路正常运行的关键节点，而主线出入口是互通立交的重要组成部分，同时也是互通区交通流特性最为复杂的路段。国内外学者对互通式立交的安全性展开了较多研究，并取得了一系列成果，但由于互通式立交出入口的复杂性，相关研究并不系统。为此，以高速公路互通式立交以及高速公路出入口的安全性为主题进行文献分析，得到高速公路互通立交出入口安全性的研究热点，从几何设计指标、安全性评价方法以及运行速度3个方面对研究成果进行梳理与综合评述。研究结果表明：①我国现行规范对变速车道长度的考虑因素过于单一，与车辆实际运行中的变速距离需求不吻合；规范中对互通立交分合流端视距的规定，未针对车辆性能、驾驶人对道路交通环境的感知-反应时间进行优化；②目前对分合流鼻端的研究主要从二维角度开展，几何设计指标研究重点未聚焦于平纵指标的组合效果；③事故统计法、层次分析法以及模糊综合评价法在高速公路安全评价中应用较多，事故统计法可以客观的反映道路安全状态，但依赖于事故统计数据的准确性，层次分析法可以较好的构建安全性评价指标体系，但指标赋权较主观，使得评价结论不稳定，模糊综合评价方法对系统安全水平的准确评价依赖于隶属函数的选择，对研究人员的专业性提出了较高的要求；④现行规范的线形协调性、连续性的评价标准以传统方法Δv₈₅为基础，该方法假设基础与实际相悖，高估了道路的安全性能，针对不同车型在不同出入口形式的运行速度预测模型有待深入研究。得到针对相关研究的建议与展望如下：①变速车道研究可以基于驾驶行为，优先考虑对变速车道上加速度变化趋势进行研究；②出入口视距研究应考虑复杂道路条件、视觉刺激下的反应时间，结合不同车型的车辆特性展开研究；在事故统计方法、预测模型基础上，可结合出入口特点进一步优化，并用相对成熟的安全评价方法进行检验；③出入口处的运行速度研究可考虑以浮动车辆数据(floating vehicle data，FCD)为主，龙门架及雷达测速数据为辅对车辆实际行驶速度变化过程进行研究。
- 高速公路 /
- 匝道出入口 /
- 变速车道 /
- 安全性评价 /
- 运行速度
Abstract: Interchanges of expressways are critical nodes for traffic operation, and their entrances/exits are key components and show most complex traffic flow behaviors. Researchers have conducted numerous safety studies on interchanges and obtained a variety of conclusions, but their studies are not systematic due to the complexity of interchanges and the entrances/exits. To this end, this paper looks into the literature on the safety of interchanges and entrances/exits of expressways, identifies corresponding research topics of interest, and reviews corresponding findings in three areas: geometric design index, safety evaluation method and operation speed. Study results indicate that: ①The number of factors considered during the design of speed-change lanes in the existing standards in China is not enough to match the required distance for speed change from the field. The criterion of sight distance at the merging end of an interchange is not optimized based on vehicle performance and drivers' perception-reaction time to different traffic scenarios. ②Studies in the literature on the merging nose are mainly carried out from a two-dimensional perspective, and the geometric design factors are not focused on the effect of the combination of flat and longitudinal factors. ③The accident statistics method, analytic hierarchy process, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method are most commonly used in evaluating the safety of expressways. The accident statistics method can objectively be used to evaluate the safety, but it is dependent on the accuracy of accident statistics; the analytic hierarchy process can be used to develop safety evaluation indexes, but the weights associated to the indexes are often subjectively determined, which often makes the results useless; the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method relies on the selection of the affiliation function to ensure a good accuracy of the evaluation of the level of safety, which places high requirements on the knowledge of the user. ④The evaluation criteria of coordination and continuity of road alignment in the existing standards are based on the traditional method Δv₈₅, whose basis is contrary to the reality leading to overestimating the safety performance of the road. Therefore, speed prediction models for different vehicles in different entrances/exits should be studied in depth. From these results, the suggestions for the future works are as follows: ①Studies on speed-change lanes can be based on driving behavior, with a focus on the analysis of acceleration patterns over speed-change lanes. ②Studies on sight distance at entrances/exits should take into account complex traffic circumstances, drivers' reaction time under visual stimuli and characteristics of vehicles. Further optimization can be conducted based on the unique characteristics of entrances/exits, and tested with relatively mature safety evaluation methods, such as accident statistics methods and prediction models. ③In terms of the operating speed at entrances/exits, floating vehicle data (FCD) can be used together with the data from gantry cranes and radars to study the process that vehicles change their speed.
- expressway /
- entrance and exit of ramp /
- speed-change lane /
- safety evaluation /
- operation speed

HTML全文

图 1 高速公路互通式立交研究突现词

Figure 1. Motorway interchange study breakout words

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图 2 高速公路出入口关键词图谱

Figure 2. Keyword mapping of highway entrances and exits

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图 3 高速公路合流区示意图

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the highway merge area

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图 4 平行式减速车道

Figure 4. Parallel deceleration lane

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图 5 直接式减速车道

Figure 5. Direct deceleration lane

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图 6 减速车道分流鼻端

Figure 6. Deceleration lane diversion nose

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图 7 模糊综合评价过程

Figure 7. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation process

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表 1 高速公路互通式立交关键词共现(频次 > 4)

Table 1. Motorway interchange keyword co-occurrence (frequency > 4)

序号	频次	中心度	关键词
1	91	0.25	设计
2	42	0.11	方案比选
3	34	0.12	匝道
4	29	0.06	选型
5	28	0.05	改扩建
6	24	0.06	山区
7	22	0.08	交通量
8	18	0.03	交通组织
9	16	0.04	变速车道
10	14	0.05	交通安全
11	14	0.04	最小间距
12	13	0.04	立交
13	11	0.04	间距
14	10	0.02	安全
15	9	0.04	出口匝道
16	8	0.03	互通式
17	8	0.02	运行速度
18	7	0.02	互通
19	7	0.01	安全性
20	7	0.02	安全评价
21	6	0.01	山区高速
22	6	0.01	线形设计
23	5	0.01	净距
24	5	0.02	减速车道
25	5	0.01	分流点

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表 2 高速公路出入口关键词共现(频次大于4)

Table 2. Motorway entrance/exit keyword co-occurrence (frequency > 4)

序号	频次	中心度	关键词
1	25	0.06	交通安全
2	23	0.08	快速路
3	23	0.06	互通立交
4	22	0.13	交通工程
5	21	0.05	交通组织
6	14	0.01	交通仿真
7	14	0.02	匝道
8	13	0.03	收费站
9	11	0.01	安全评价
10	10	0.01	运行速度
11	10	0.04	城市道路
12	8	0.04	设计
13	7	0.01	交通特性
14	7	0.01	改扩建
15	6	0.01	变速车道
16	6	0.01	安全设施
17	5	0.01	交通管理
18	5	0.01	交通事故
19	5	0.01	交织区
20	5	0.03	交通
21	5	0.01	城市化
22	5	0.01	城市交通
23	5	0.01	景观
24	5	0.01	协调控制
25	5	0.02	综合评价

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表 3 各国单车道加速车道长度规定

Table 3. List of single-lane acceleration lane lengths by country

主线设计速度/(km/h)	加速车道长度/(m)
主线设计速度/(km/h)	中国	美国	德国	英国
60	155	90~150	190	175
80	180	90~150	190	175
100	200	90~370	190	235
120	230	245~520	190	255

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表 4 加速车道长度推荐值对比

Table 4. Comparison of recommended values for acceleration lane length

	类型	匝道设计车速/(km/h)	主线设计速度/(km/h)加速度车道长度/m
	类型	匝道设计车速/(km/h)	120	100	80	60
《公路路线设计规范》^[18]	单车道		230	200	180	155
《公路路线设计规范》^[18]	双车道		400	350	310	270
孔令臣^[19]	平行式单车道	60	215	180	145
	平行式单车道	40	270	235	195
	直接式双车道	60	325	270	220
	直接式双车道	40	405	355	295
尹露^[20]	平行式单车道	60	250	180	115
	平行式单车道	40	305	235	170
	直接式双车道	60	375	270	175
	直接式双车道	40	460	355	255

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表 5 分流鼻端处平曲线、竖曲线指标规定

Table 5. Specification of flat and vertical curves at the end of the diversion nose

主线设计速度/(km/h)	最小曲率半径/m		竖曲线最小半径/m
	极限值	一般值	凸形		凹形
	极限值	一般值	极限值	一般值	极限值	一般值
120	300	350	2 000	3 500	1 500	2 000
100	250	300	1 800	2 800	1 200	1 800
80	200	250	1 400	2 000	1 000	1 500
60	150	200	1 200	1 800	850	1 200

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表 6 线形协调性评价指标

Table 6. Evaluation index of linear coordination

评价指标	线形协调性
\|∆v₈₅\| < 10 km/h	好
10 km/h < \|∆v₈₅\| ≤ 20 km/h	良好
\|∆v₈₅\| > 20 km/h	差

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表 7 线形连续性评价标准

Table 7. Linear continuity evaluation criteria

评价指标	线形协调性
v_运−v_d≤10 km/h	好
10 km/h < v_运−v_d≤20 km/h	中
v_运−v_d > 20 km/h	差，需要安全性验算

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表 8 互通立交匝道处车辆运行速度模型研究

Table 8. Study on the model of vehicle speed at the interchange ramp

年份	作者	研究内容
2009	吴文斌^[63]	在大量实测数据的基础上，分析半定向匝道上车辆运行速度变化规律，并以此为依据将匝道发为减速段、匀速段、加速段，建立了不同单元的运行速度与曲率半径、超高等要素关系的预测模型
2012	Xia等^[64]	选取分流鼻、圆曲线中点以及连接段为研究对象，对匝道特征点处大货车与小客车运行速度进行分析，得到了大货车与小客车在该处运行速度与纵坡、圆曲线半径、超高关系的模型
2015	张智勇等^[65]	分析了小型车在互通式立交匝道内的运行速度影响因素，进行正交试验，运用SPSS回归软件进行分析，得到了匝道减速、匀速及加速段处运行速度与影响因素关系预测模型
2018	张驰等^[66]	采用链式开普勒雷达测速仪收集单车道入口处小客车速度数据，对合流点、合流鼻以及加速车道终点等匝道特征点处自由流小客车速度进行分析，选用SPSS软件进行回归分析，建立了合流点及加速车道终点处小客车运行速度越策模型

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